【说廉】一笔电梯采购省342万背后的“智慧廉政”
?????? ??????? ??????? Estados Unidos Mexicanos ??????????? ??????? ????????????? | |
|---|---|
 ????
 ???????
| |
| ???????????: ????? ?????????? ??????????? | |
 | |
| ???????? ??????? ????? ????? | ???????? ????? |
| ????? ????(???) | ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? |
| ????????? | ?????????? ???????? |
? ?????? | ???????? ?????????? (PAN |
| ?????????? | |
? ????????? | ?????????? 16, 1810 |
? ????? | ?????????? 27, 1821 |
| ?????? | |
? ??????? | 1,972,550 km2 (761,610 sq mi) (15-????) |
? ???? (%) | 2.5% |
| ?????? ???? | |
? 2005 ????????? | 107,029,000 (11-????) |
? 2000 ???????????? | 101,879,171 |
| ??.?.?. (??.?.?.) | 2005 ????????? |
? ??????? | $1.073 ????? ??????? (???????????) (13-????) |
? ?????????? | $10,186 (64-????) |
| ????? (2003) | 0.814 ???????? · 53-???? |
| ?????? | ???????? ???? (MXN) |
| ??? ????? | ?.?.??-8 to -6 |
? ???? (?.??.??.) | ?????????? |
| ????????????? | 52 |
| ?????? ???? | .mx |
???????? (????????????: México, "?????????") ?? ?????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????. ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????????????.[1] ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????????. ??????????, ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????. ??????????? ????????? ???????????, ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????????????.[2] ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????????? (760,000 ???? ??????????? ????)[3] ???????? ????? ????????, ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ??????, ?????? 13-???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????. 113 ????????? ?????? ?????????[4] ?????? 11-???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ?????????????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ???????? ???????? ?????. ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? 31 ?????????? ???????????. ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????.
???????????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ????????????????, ???????, ??????????, ??????????????????, ???????????, ????, ????????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ???????. 1521-??? ???????, ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????????-???????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????. ??????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????. 1821-??? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????????? ???????, ???? ??????????????? ???????? ?? ?????. ????????????? ???????? ?????????, ????????? ???????????, ??????????-?????????? ????, ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????, ??????????? ????, ?????? ????????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ????????. ???????????? 1910-??? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????. ????? ????????? 1917-??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????????, ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????. ???? 2000-???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????????. ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????????.[5]
???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????????????? ????? ?????????, ??? ??? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ????????? ?????. ????????, ???????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????, ????????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????. ???, 1994-??? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????. ?????????? ??? ????-??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????????? ????????????????. ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????, ????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????. ?????????? 13-???? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????????????, 11-???? ????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ???????????. ??????????? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ?????????????????, ???????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????????, ???????? ?????????????. ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????, ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????. ????? ??????? 31 ??? ??????????? ??????? ?????. 2007-??? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? 10-???? ???????. ??????????? 21.4 ????????? ??????? ???????.
2006-??? ?????????????, ??????????, ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????. ??????, 60,000 ??????? ????????????.
???????????
[????]????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????, ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????. ?????????? ?????, 1524 ??? ???????, ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????????-???????????????? ???? ?????????????. ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????????.
"?????????" (Mēxihco) ??????, ?????????? ????????, ????????? ???????? ?????????????, ?????????? ????????????, ???? ??????, ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????. ???, ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ????????. ???????, ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ??????????????. ??? ??????? ????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????. ??? ?????????? ??? ????????????????????. ?????????? -?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????. ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????.
????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????????. ?????? ????? ?????????? (1821-1823, 1863-1867) ??? "??????????? ??????" (????????? ???????????? - Imperio Mexicano) ?? ??????????????. ?????? ?????????? ?????????????????? (1824, 1857, 1917) ???? ????? "?????? ????????? ???????" (Estados Unidos Mexicanos) ??????? ????? ??????????. 1836 ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ????? "???????????? ????????" ???? ?????????????????.
?????????
[????]
??????????, ???????????? 14° and 33°?, ????????????? 86°, 119°?? ????????????? ????? ?? ????????????? ???? ????????? ????????????. ??????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????????????????? ??????. ???? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????, ???????? ??????????????? ?????. ???????????????????, ??? ???????????????, ????????????????? ????????????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????????????? ?????????.[6] ???????????????? ?????????? ?????????, ????, ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????.[7]
1,972,550 ???? ??????????? (761,606 ???? ????) ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? 14 ???? ????? ????. ????????, ??????? 6,000 ???? ??????????? (2,317 ???? ????) ???????? ??????????, ??????? ??????????, ??????????? ????, ????????, ???????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????????????. ???????????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????, ?????????????? ????? 3219 ???????????????????? (2,000 ????) ??????????.
?????????? ???? ????????, ?????? ?????????????? 3,141 ?????????????? (1,952 ????) ?????? ???? ????????? ???????????. ???????? ???, ????????????????, 871 ??.??. (541 ????) ?????? ???????????, ??????????? 251 ??.??. (156 ????) ?????? ??????????? ???????????????.
?????????????? ?????????????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ??????????, ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????. ??????????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????????. ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????, ?????????????? ???????, ?????????? (Oaxaca) ??? ?????????.[8]
???? ???????????, ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????. ??????? ????? ???????? ????????-????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????. ????????, ?????? ?? ??????? (5,799 ??, 18,701 ???), ?????????????????? (5,462 ??, 17,920 ???), ????????????????? (5,286 ??, 17,343 ???), ?????? ?? ???????? (4,577 ??, 15,016 ???) ????? ????????????. ???? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????????, ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????????. ???, ????????, ???? ?????????? ?????, ???????? ?????.[8]
????????? ?????????
[????]
"?????? ????????? ???????" ????? ?????????????????, ????? ?????????? 31 ???????????? ??????????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ????????, ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????, ??? ??????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????. ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????, ????? ?????????? (congress), ?????????? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????. ????? ????????????????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????.[9]
?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????. ??? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????. ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????.[10] ?????????? ?????????????????????? ??????????????????. ????? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????. ??? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????? ????????????.[11]
???????????
[????]- ↑ About Mexico. ????????????? 2025-08-07 at the ??????? ????????? Embajada de Mexico en Estados Unidos (Mexican Embassy in the United States), Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (Ministry of Foreign Relations). Washington, D.C. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
- ↑ Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, 3rd ed. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Inc.; p. 733
- ↑ Mexico ????? ?????????? ???????
- ↑ "INEGI 2010 Census Statistics". inegi.org.mx. Retrieved November 25, 2010.
- ↑ "???????????????????? ????". Archived from the original on 2025-08-07. Retrieved 2025-08-07.
- ↑ Nord-Amèrica, in Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ????????????? 2025-08-07 at the Portuguese Web Archive
- ↑ Parsons, Alan (2004). Geopolitics of oil and natural gas. Economic Perspectives. U.S. Department of State.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (|date=suggested) (help) - ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Mexico Topography". Nationsencyclopedia.com. October 16, 2007. Retrieved May 30, 2010.
- ↑ "Article 116". Political Constitution of the United Mexican States. Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States. Archived from the original on ??????? 13, 2006. Retrieved October 7, 2007.
- ↑ "Article 112". Political Constitution of the United Mexican States. Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States. Archived from the original on ??????? 13, 2006. Retrieved October 7, 2007.
- ↑ "Article 115". Political Constitution of the United Mexican States. Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States. Archived from the original on ??????? 13, 2006. Retrieved October 7, 2007.
